Birds are a diverse and captivating group of creatures that have fascinated humans for millennia. From their melodious songs to their colorful plumage, birds have inspired art, literature, and scientific inquiry.
With over 10,000 species inhabiting nearly every corner of the globe, they exhibit a remarkable range of adaptations and behaviors.
Whether soaring through the skies, foraging in forests, or nesting in urban landscapes, birds play vital roles in ecosystems and contribute to the beauty of our natural world.
In this series of articles, we will explore the lives and characteristics of five distinct bird species: the Downy Woodpecker, American Goldfinch, Black-Capped Chickadee, White-Breasted Nuthatch, and Common Starling.
Each bird offers a unique perspective on avian diversity, behavior, and ecological significance.
47 Winter Birds In South Dakota
Winter is a wonderful time to enjoy the beauty and diversity of birds in South Dakota. Whether you are a seasoned birder or a curious beginner, you will find plenty of opportunities to observe and learn about the feathered residents and visitors of Mount Rushmore State. In this blog post, we will introduce you to 47 winter birds that you can spot in South Dakota, from majestic eagles to colorful cardinals.
1. Downy Woodpecker (Picoides pubescens)
The Downy Woodpecker, Picoides pubescens, is the smallest in North America. This charming bird is easily recognizable by its distinctive black and white plumage. Its back is primarily black with white spots, and it has a white underbelly.
Males can be identified by a small red patch on the back of their heads. Downy Woodpeckers are found in a variety of habitats, including woodlands, orchards, and suburban areas.
They have a particular affinity for deadwood, where they skillfully drill holes in search of insects, their primary food source.
These birds are also known for their drumming on trees, which serves as a form of communication and territory marking. Despite their small size, they play a crucial role in the ecosystem by controlling insect populations and aiding in forest health.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Piciformes |
| Family | Picidae |
| Genus | Dryobates |
| Species | D. pubescens |
2. American Goldfinch (Spinus tristis)
The Downy Woodpecker, Picoides pubescens, is the smallest in North America. This charming bird is easily recognizable by its distinctive black and white plumage. Its back is primarily black with white spots, and it has a white underbelly.
Males can be identified by a small red patch on the back of their heads. Downy Woodpeckers are found in a variety of habitats, including woodlands, orchards, and suburban areas.
They have a particular affinity for deadwood, where they skillfully drill holes in search of insects, their primary food source.
These birds are also known for their drumming on trees, which serves as a form of communication and territory marking.
Despite their small size, they play a crucial role in the ecosystem by controlling insect populations and aiding in forest health.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Fringillidae |
| Genus | Spinus |
| Species | S. tristis |
3. Black-Capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus)
The Black-Capped Chickadee, Poecile atricapillus, is a small, charismatic bird known for its black cap and bib, along with white cheeks, gray back, wings, and tail.
It’s a common sight in North American woods, parks, and backyards. These birds are incredibly adaptable, easily identifiable by their distinctive “chick-a-dee-dee-dee” call, which varies in intensity depending on the level of threat from predators.
One of the most fascinating aspects of the Black-Capped Chickadee is their remarkable memory; they can remember thousands of hiding places where they store food for later consumption.
Chickadees are also known for their curiosity and friendliness, often being one of the first birds to investigate a new feeder and sometimes even eating from human hands.
Their diet consists of insects, seeds, and berries, making them important for pest control and seed dispersal in their ecosystems.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Paridae |
| Genus | Poecile |
| Species | P. atricapillus |
4. White-Breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis)
The White-Breasted Nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis, is a small, robust bird commonly found in the woodlands of North America. It’s easily recognized by its striking appearance: a large head, short tail, and a black cap that contrasts with its white face and underparts.
The bird’s back is a soft gray-blue. One of the most distinctive behaviors of the White-Breasted Nuthatch is its ability to walk headfirst down tree trunks, a skill it uses to forage for insects hidden in the bark.
Unlike woodpeckers that drill into the wood, nuthatches use their sharp beaks to pick at crevices. They also consume seeds and nuts, often seen jamming acorns into tree bark to break them open.
Their vocalizations include a variety of whistles and calls. These birds are year-round residents in their range, and their presence is a delight to birdwatchers.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Sittidae |
| Genus | Sitta |
| Species | S. carolinensis |
5. Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
The Common Starling, Sturnus vulgaris, is a medium-sized bird known for its iridescent plumage, which shines in shades of green and purple in the light.
Originally native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa, it has been introduced to other regions, including North America and Australia.
In winter, their feathers are tipped with white, giving them a speckled appearance. These birds are incredibly social and often gather in large flocks, known for their spectacular aerial displays called murmurations.
Common Starlings are versatile eaters, feeding on a variety of insects, fruits, and seeds. They are famous for their mimicking abilities, capable of imitating a wide range of sounds from their environment.
While their adaptability and resilience are commendable, in some introduced regions, they are considered invasive, competing with native species for resources and nesting sites. Their impact on ecosystems has been a topic of ecological concern.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Sturnidae |
| Genus | Sturnus |
| Species | S. vulgaris |
6. Dark-Eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis)
The Dark-Eyed Junco, Junco hyemalis, is a small, charismatic bird known for its distinct coloration and widespread presence across North America.
Typically sporting a slate-gray body with a white belly, these birds exhibit regional color variations. They are primarily ground feeders, often seen hopping around under bird feeders or in bushes, foraging for seeds and insects.
Dark-Eyed Juncos are known for their soft, musical trills. They breed in forests but are common in suburban areas during the winter, bringing life to otherwise barren landscapes.
The arrival of juncos is often seen as a herald of winter in many areas. Their adaptability to different habitats and climates makes them one of the most common and beloved backyard birds.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Passerellidae |
| Genus | Junco |
| Species | J. hyemalis |
7. American Robin (Turdus migratorius)
The American Robin, Turdus migratorius, is a familiar sight across North America, known for its bright red-orange breast, gray back, and cheerful song.
As one of the most widespread and adaptable birds, it inhabits various environments from forests to urban areas. American Robins are early risers and their melodious voices often herald the dawn.
They feed on a wide variety of foods including worms, insects, and fruit. The sight of a Robin tugging at a worm from the ground is iconic in many gardens.
These birds are also known for their migratory habits, though some populations are resident year-round in milder climates.
The American Robin plays an important role in many cultural and literary references, symbolizing the arrival of spring.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Turdidae |
| Genus | Turdus |
| Species | T. migratorius |
8. House Finch (Haemorhous mexicanus)
The House Finch, Haemorhous mexicanus, is a small bird originally from the western United States, but now found across the continent.
Males are particularly striking with their bright red heads and breasts, which can vary to orange or yellow, while females are generally brown with streaks.
These birds are highly adaptable and often found in urban and suburban areas, frequently visiting bird feeders.
They primarily feed on seeds and grains but will also consume small fruits and insects. The House Finch is known for its cheerful and melodious song, a common soundtrack in many neighborhoods.
Their presence in large numbers, especially at feeders, is a testament to their successful adaptation to human-altered landscapes.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Fringillidae |
| Genus | Haemorhous |
| Species | H. mexicanus |
9. Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)
The Northern Flicker, Colaptes auratus, is a medium-sized member of the woodpecker family, distinctive for its striking plumage.
It has a brown barred back and a black crescent on the chest, with either a red or a yellow shaft on its feathers depending on the region.
Unlike many woodpeckers, Northern Flickers often feed on the ground, primarily eating ants and beetles.
They are known for their loud calls, which include a high-pitched, piercing “Klee-yer” and a loud “wick wick wick” series.
These birds are found in a variety of habitats across North America, from forests to suburban areas.
Their drumming on metal objects during the mating season is a unique and often amusing characteristic.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Piciformes |
| Family | Picidae |
| Genus | Colaptes |
| Species | C. auratus |
10. Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis)
The Northern Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis, is one of the most recognizable and beloved backyard birds in North America.
The male is famous for its vibrant red plumage and prominent crest, while the female sports a more subdued brown coloration with hints of red.
Cardinals are non-migratory, staying in their range year-round. They have a variety of songs and calls, with the male often using loud, clear whistles to claim territory.
These birds are mainly seed eaters but will also consume fruits and insects. The Northern Cardinal is the state bird of seven U.S. states and is admired for its beauty and melodic song.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Cardinalidae |
| Genus | Cardinalis |
| Species | C. cardinalis |
11. Red-Bellied Woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus)
The Red-Bellied Woodpecker, Melanerpes carolinus, is a medium-sized woodpecker found in the eastern United States. Despite its name, the most notable feature is the red cap and nape on both males and females, while the belly tends to have only a faint red wash.
These birds have striking black-and-white barred patterns on their backs and wings. They are adaptable and can be found in forests, as well as suburban and urban areas.
Their diet is versatile, consisting of insects, fruits, nuts, and seeds, and they are known for storing food in tree crevices.
The Red-Bellied Woodpecker’s distinctive “churr-churr” calls are a common sound in their habitat, and their presence is beneficial for controlling insect populations.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Piciformes |
| Family | Picidae |
| Genus | Melanerpes |
| Species | M. carolinus |
12. Red-Breasted Nuthatch (Sitta canadensis)
The Red-Breasted Nuthatch, Sitta canadensis, is a small, energetic bird, easily recognized by its blue-gray back, black cap, and eye line, and its rich, rusty red breast.
This bird is known for its unique behavior of moving headfirst down tree trunks, and searching for insects under the bark. It also consumes seeds, often seen stashing them in tree crevices for later use.
The Red-Breasted Nuthatch’s sharp, tinny call is a familiar sound in the coniferous forests of North America.
These birds are also known for their ability to excavate small cavities in trees to nest, showcasing their adaptability and resilience in various environments.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Sittidae |
| Genus | Sitta |
| Species | S. canadensis |
13. American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
The American Crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos, is a large, intelligent bird with an all-black plumage that can show a bluish or purplish sheen in bright light.
These birds are highly adaptable and found in a wide range of habitats across North America. Known for their problem-solving skills and complex social structures, American Crows often form large roosting groups and are known to use tools.
Their diet is incredibly diverse, including insects, fruits, small animals, and even garbage, making them successful foragers.
The crow’s “caw-caw” sound is a familiar noise in both urban and rural settings. They play a significant role in the ecosystem as both scavengers and predators.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Corvidae |
| Genus | Corvus |
| Species | C. brachyrhynchos |
14. Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata)
The Blue Jay, Cyanocitta cristata, is a striking bird with bright blue upperparts, white underparts, and a distinctive blue crest. They are known for their intelligence and complex social behaviors.
Blue Jays are found in forests, parks, and suburban gardens in eastern and central North America. Their diet is varied, including seeds, nuts, and insects, and they are known for their acorn-hoarding behavior.
Blue Jays can mimic the calls of other bird species, especially hawks, which is thought to be a tactic to scare away other birds. Their own loud, jay! jay! call is a common sound in their habitats.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Corvidae |
| Genus | Cyanocitta |
| Species | C. cristata |
15. Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)
The Mourning Dove, Zenaida macroura, is a slender, graceful bird with a soft, gray-brown body, black spots on the wings, and a long, pointed tail with white edges.
Widely distributed across North America, these birds are known for their soft, woeful cooing, which sounds like lamentation and gives them their name.
Mourning Doves feed primarily on seeds and are frequent visitors to bird feeders. They are also known for their fast and straight flight pattern.
These birds are monogamous and are known for their gentle and affectionate behavior towards their mates.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Columbiformes |
| Family | Columbidae |
| Genus | Zenaida |
| Species | Z. macroura |
16. Eurasian Collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto)
The Eurasian Collared Dove, Streptopelia decaocto, is a medium-sized dove with a uniform grayish-brown body and a distinctive black collar on the back of the neck.
Originally native to Asia and Europe, this species has seen a significant expansion of its range and is now commonly found in North America as well.
They are often seen in pairs and are known for their persistent, three-part cooing.
These doves are adaptable to various habitats, including urban areas, and primarily feed on seeds and grains. Their presence is a testament to their ability to thrive in new environments.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Columbiformes |
| Family | Columbidae |
| Genus | Streptopelia |
| Species | S. decaocto |
17. Ring-Necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)
The Ring-Necked Pheasant, Phasianus colchicus, is a striking bird with a long, pointed tail and is known for the male’s vibrant colors and the distinctive white ring around its neck.
Females are more subdued in color, with mottled brown plumage. Native to Asia, the Ring-Necked Pheasant has been introduced to other parts of the world, including North America, for hunting and sport.
These birds are ground dwellers, feeding on seeds, grains, and insects. They are often found in agricultural lands, grasslands, and wetland edges. The male’s loud, crowing call is a familiar sound in their habitats.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Galliformes |
| Family | Phasianidae |
| Genus | Phasianus |
| Species | P. colchicus |
18. Rough-Legged Buzzard (Buteo lagopus)
The Rough-Legged Buzzard, also known as the Rough-Legged Hawk, or Buteo lagopus, is a large raptor with long wings and a broad tail. It gets its name from the feathered legs, a feature uncommon among hawks.
Their plumage varies from dark brown to nearly white, allowing them to blend into the Arctic and sub-Arctic environments where they breed.
In winter, they migrate south to more temperate regions. These birds of prey are known for their hovering flight while hunting for small mammals, particularly lemmings and voles.
They are also one of the few hawk species that build their nests on the ground.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Accipitriformes |
| Family | Accipitridae |
| Genus | Buteo |
| Species | B. lagopus |
19. Red-Tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)
The Red-Tailed Hawk, Buteo jamaicensis, is one of the most common hawks in North America. It is easily recognized by its reddish-brown tail, broad wings, and soaring flight.
These large birds of prey inhabit a wide range of environments, from deserts to forests to urban areas. Their diet mainly consists of small mammals, but they also eat birds, reptiles, and carrion.
The Red-Tailed Hawk is known for its piercing scream, often used in movies as a generic raptor call. These hawks play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems by controlling rodent populations.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Accipitriformes |
| Family | Accipitridae |
| Genus | Buteo |
| Species | B. jamaicensis |
20. Purple Finch (Haemorhous purpureus)
The Purple Finch, Haemorhous purpureus, is a small bird with a short, notched tail and a relatively large beak. Males have a striking raspberry-red plumage on the head, breast, and back, while females are brown with bold streaks.
They are found in the coniferous and mixed forests of North America, often moving to lower elevations and southern areas in the winter.
Purple Finches feed on seeds, berries, and insects. They are known for their melodious song, which includes warbles, trills, and twitters.
These finches are often confused with the House Finch, but their distinct color and song set them apart.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Fringillidae |
| Genus | Haemorhous |
| Species | H. purpureus |
21. Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis)
The Eastern Bluebird, Sialia sialis, is a small thrush with a striking appearance, known for its vibrant blue back and rusty red throat and chest.
These birds are found in open woodlands, fields, and gardens across eastern North America. They are cavity nesters, often occupying old woodpecker holes or nest boxes provided by humans.
Eastern Bluebirds feed primarily on insects and berries, playing a significant role in controlling insect populations.
Their delightful song is a mix of warbling tones and short phrases, which is a symbol of happiness and good cheer in various cultures.
The resurgence of their population, after a decline due to habitat loss and competition for nesting sites, is a successful conservation story.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Turdidae |
| Genus | Sialia |
| Species | S. sialis |
22. American Tree Sparrow (Spizelloides arborea)
The American Tree Sparrow, Spizelloides arborea, is a small, plump sparrow, recognizable by its rusty cap and eyeliner, and a small dark spot on its unstreaked gray breast.
These birds breed in the far north of Canada and Alaska and migrate to the central United States in winter. They are often found in open fields and along the edges of woodlands, foraging on the ground for seeds and insects.
Despite their name, American Tree Sparrows spend much of their time on the ground or in low shrubs. They are known for their sweet, melodious song and social behavior, especially during migration and winter.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Passerellidae |
| Genus | Spizelloides |
| Species | S. arborea |
23. Golden-Crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa)
The Golden-Crowned Kinglet, Regulus satrapa, is a tiny, energetic bird with olive-green plumage and a distinctive yellow stripe on the top of its head, bordered by black stripes.
They inhabit coniferous forests across North America, often flitting rapidly through the trees in search of insects. Despite their small size, Golden-Crowned Kinglets are hardy, enduring cold winter temperatures.
Their high-pitched, thin call is often heard before the bird is seen. These kinglets are social birds, sometimes joining mixed flocks in the non-breeding season.
Their remarkable ability to survive in cold climates and their acrobatic foraging make them a fascinating species.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Regulidae |
| Genus | Regulus |
| Species | R. satrapa |
24. Brown-Headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater)
The Brown-Headed Cowbird, Molothrus ater, is a medium-sized blackbird, with males having a glossy black body and a distinctive brown head, while females are brown overall.
Known for their brood parasitic behavior, these birds do not build nests but lay their eggs in the nests of other bird species, leaving the host bird to raise their young. This behavior has a significant impact on the populations of some host species.
Brown-Headed Cowbirds are often found in open or semi-open habitats and are commonly seen in flocks, especially near livestock where they catch insects stirred up by the animals. Their call is a variety of gurgles and whistles.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Icteridae |
| Genus | Molothrus |
| Species | M. ater |
25. Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)
The Song Sparrow, Melospiza melodia, is a common and beloved bird across North America, easily recognized by its streaked brown plumage and a distinctive spot in the center of its chest.
These birds are incredibly adaptable and can be found in a wide range of habitats, including marshes, fields, and suburban areas.
Song Sparrows are known for their melodious and varied song, which can include up to 20 different tunes, unique to each bird.
They primarily feed on seeds and insects. The ability of the Song Sparrow to thrive in diverse environments and its joyful song make it a favorite among birdwatchers and nature enthusiasts.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Passerellidae |
| Genus | Melospiza |
| Species | M. melodia |
26. Red-Winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus)
The Red-Winged Blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus, is a striking and widespread species in North America. Males are easily identifiable by their glossy black feathers and the bright red and yellow shoulder patches (epaulets), which they display prominently during the breeding season.
Females, on the other hand, have a more subdued, streaked brown appearance, which helps them blend into their surroundings. These birds are commonly found in wetlands, marshes, and open fields, where they feed on seeds and insects.
The males are known for their loud, musical call, often heard while perched atop cattails or other vegetation.
Red-winged blackbirds are highly social and often form large flocks, especially outside of the breeding season. Their presence in agriculture can be double-edged, as they help control insect pests but can also damage crops.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Icteridae |
| Genus | Agelaius |
| Species | A. phoeniceus |
27. Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula)
The Common Grackle, Quiscalus quiscula, is a large, long-tailed blackbird known for its iridescent plumage that shines in blue, purple, or bronze hues under different lighting. These birds have a prominent yellow eye, which stands out against their dark feathers.
Common Grackles are adaptable and can be found in a variety of habitats including woods, fields, parks, and suburban areas across much of North America.
They are omnivorous, feeding on a wide range of foods including insects, seeds, fruit, and even small vertebrates.
Common Grackles are known for their noisy and gregarious nature, often gathering in large, noisy flocks. Their vocalizations include a variety of harsh, creaking calls.
While their adaptability and opportunistic feeding habits have allowed them to thrive in many areas, they are sometimes considered pests, particularly in agricultural settings.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Icteridae |
| Genus | Quiscalus |
| Species | Q. quiscula |
28. Woodpeckers
Woodpeckers, belonging to the family Picidae, encompass over 200 species worldwide, with diverse sizes and colorations.
These birds are best known for their unique ability to peck into wood with their strong beaks, a behavior that serves various purposes like searching for insects, creating nesting sites, and territorial signaling.
Woodpeckers have a specially adapted skull and musculature to withstand the repeated impacts of pecking. Their tongues are long and sticky, ideal for extracting insects from within trees.
Most woodpeckers also have zygodactyl feet (two toes pointing forward and two backward) for strong grip on tree trunks, and stiff tail feathers to provide support against tree surfaces.
Woodpeckers play a crucial ecological role in forest ecosystems, not only in controlling insect populations but also in creating nesting cavities for many other species that cannot excavate them on their own.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Piciformes |
| Family | Picidae |
29. Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)
The Great Horned Owl, Bubo virginianus, is a formidable and majestic bird of prey, renowned for its deep hooting call, striking yellow eyes, and large ear tufts.
It has a mottled brown and gray plumage, allowing it to blend into its surroundings. Found throughout North and South America in a wide range of habitats, from forests to deserts, these owls are versatile hunters, preying on a variety of animals, including mammals, birds, and reptiles.
Their excellent hearing and night vision make them effective nocturnal predators. Great Horned Owls are known for their strength and are capable of taking down larger prey than most other owl species.
They are also notable for occupying the nests of other large birds, rather than building their own.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Strigiformes |
| Family | Strigidae |
| Genus | Bubo |
| Species | B. virginianus |
30. Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum)
The Cedar Waxwing, Bombycilla cedrorum, is an elegant bird, easily identifiable by its sleek, crest-topped head, black mask, and yellow-tipped tail.
They have a soft, silky plumage of brown, gray, and lemon-yellow, with distinctive red, waxy tips on the wing feathers.
Cedar Waxwings are highly social birds, often seen in large flocks, particularly around sources of berries, their primary food. They inhabit open woodlands, orchards, and gardens across North America.
These birds are known for their high-pitched, trilling calls and unique behavior of passing berries or flower petals in a line from one bird to another during courtship.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Bombycillidae |
| Genus | Bombycilla |
| Species | B. cedrorum |
31. Cooper’s Hawk (Accipiter cooperii)
Cooper’s Hawk, Accipiter cooperii, is a medium-sized hawk, adept at navigating through dense foliage with its short wings and long tail. They have a blue-gray back, a red-orange chest, and a striped tail.
Found in forests and woodlands across North America, these hawks are skilled hunters, primarily preying on birds and small mammals. Cooper’s Hawks are known for their remarkable agility in flight during the hunt.
In urban areas, they have adapted to hunting around bird feeders, making them a common sight in many residential neighborhoods. Their presence is often revealed by a sudden scattering of other birds.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Accipitriformes |
| Family | Accipitridae |
| Genus | Accipiter |
| Species | A. cooperii |
32. Harris’s Sparrow (Zonotrichia querula)
Harris’s Sparrow, Zonotrichia querula, is the largest of the North American sparrows and the only one to breed exclusively in Canada. They have a striking appearance with a black crown, face, and throat, contrasting with their gray body and brown wings.
These birds are most commonly seen during their migration and in their wintering grounds across the central United States.
Harris’s Sparrows feed on seeds and insects and are often found in flocks in open fields and edges of woodlands. They are known for their beautiful, warbling song, which is more frequently heard during their breeding season in the far north.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Passerellidae |
| Genus | Zonotrichia |
| Species | Z. querula |
33. Varied Thrush (Ixoreus naevius)
The Varied Thrush, Ixoreus naevius, is a striking bird native to the forests of the Pacific Northwest. It resembles a robin in shape but is distinguished by its deep blue-gray back and rich orange underparts, with a bold black breast band and orange eyebrow.
These birds are elusive and often more heard than seen, known for their haunting, ethereal song that echoes through the dense, mossy forests they inhabit.
Varied Thrushes feed on insects and berries, often foraging on the forest floor. Their presence adds a splash of color and a unique soundscape to the forests they inhabit.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Turdidae |
| Genus | Ixoreus |
| Species | I. naevius |
34. American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)
The American Kestrel, Falco sparverius, is the smallest and most colorful falcon in North America. Males have slate-blue wings and a rusty orange back and tail, while females have more uniform, brownish wings with black barring.
These kestrels are found in a variety of open habitats, from grasslands to urban areas. Known for their impressive hunting skills, they feed on insects, small rodents, and birds, often seen hovering in the air before diving to catch their prey.
American Kestrels are also known for their distinct killy-killy-killy call. Despite their small size, they are fierce and effective predators.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Falconiformes |
| Family | Falconidae |
| Genus | Falco |
| Species | F. sparverius |
35. Two-Barred Crossbill (Loxia leucoptera)
The Two-Barred Crossbill, Loxia leucoptera, also known as the White-winged Crossbill, is a small finch notable for its crossed bill tips, an adaptation for extracting seeds from conifer cones.
Males are typically pink-red with two white wing bars, while females are yellow-green with the same distinctive wing markings.
They are nomadic, moving in large flocks depending on the availability of their food source. Found in boreal forests across the Northern Hemisphere, their diet consists primarily of seeds from spruce and pine cones.
The Two-Barred Crossbill’s ability to exploit this specialized food source illustrates a fascinating example of evolutionary adaptation.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Fringillidae |
| Genus | Loxia |
| Species | L. leucoptera |
36. Rusty Blackbird (Euphagus carolinus)
The Rusty Blackbird, Euphagus carolinus, is a medium-sized blackbird with a distinctive rusty-brown feather edging during the non-breeding season, giving it a ‘rusty’ appearance.
In breeding plumage, males are a glossy black, while females are a duller black-brown. These birds are often found in wet woodlands and swampy areas in North America, particularly in the boreal forest region. They feed primarily on insects, seeds, and sometimes small invertebrates.
The Rusty Blackbird has experienced one of the most significant population declines among North American birds, making it a species of conservation concern. Their song is a series of melodious notes, and their call is a harsh “chuck.”
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Icteridae |
| Genus | Euphagus |
| Species | E. carolinus |
37. Black-Billed Magpie (Pica hudsonia)
The Black-Billed Magpie, Pica hudsonia, is a large, striking bird known for its long tail and striking black and white plumage. The iridescent blue-green wing and tail feathers are particularly noticeable in sunlight.
Found mainly in western North America, these birds are highly intelligent and adaptable, inhabiting a range of environments from rural to urban areas.
Black-Billed Magpies are omnivorous, eating a variety of foods from insects and small animals to grains and fruits. They are known for their curious nature and are not shy around humans.
These birds are also known for their chattering calls and are often observed working in pairs or small groups.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Corvidae |
| Genus | Pica |
| Species | P. hudsonia |
38. Pine Siskin (Spinus pinus)
The Pine Siskin, Spinus pinus, is a small, finch-like bird with streaky brown plumage and hints of yellow in the wings and tail. They are highly social birds, often found in flocks, and are known for their erratic flight pattern.
Pine Siskins inhabit coniferous and mixed forests, as well as suburban areas with bird feeders, across North America. Their diet mainly consists of seeds, especially from conifers, but they will also eat insects.
Pine Siskins are nomadic, with their movements and wintering locations largely dependent on food availability. Their calls are a series of buzzy “zzzz” notes, and their song is a mix of twitters and trills.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Fringillidae |
| Genus | Spinus |
| Species | S. pinus |
39. Sharp-Shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus)
The Sharp-Shinned Hawk, Accipiter striatus, is the smallest in North America. It has short, rounded wings and a long tail, which help it maneuver through dense forests.
Their plumage is primarily slate gray above with narrow, horizontal red-orange bars on the underparts in adults, while juveniles are brown with vertical streaks.
These hawks are adept bird hunters, specializing in catching small songbirds, and are often seen darting through vegetation with incredible agility.
They are migratory and can be found in a wide range of habitats, including forests and urban areas. The presence of sharp-skinned hawks near bird feeders can cause a sudden and noticeable disappearance of small birds.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Accipitriformes |
| Family | Accipitridae |
| Genus | Accipiter |
| Species | A. striatus |
40. Eurasian Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)
The Eurasian Goshawk, Accipiter gentilis, is a large, powerful hawk found across much of Eurasia. It is similar in appearance to the Sharp-Shinned Hawk but significantly larger.
They have a blue-gray back, a pale underside with fine dark barring, and a distinctive white eyebrow stripe.
Goshawks are known for their incredible agility in flight, which they use to hunt birds and mammals in wooded areas.
They are secretive and typically hard to observe in their dense forest habitats. The Eurasian Goshawk plays an important role in folklore and hunting history, once a prized bird in falconry. Their call is a loud, piercing “kek-kek-kek.”
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Accipitriformes |
| Family | Accipitridae |
| Genus | Accipiter |
| Species | A. gentilis |
41. Eastern Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus)
The Eastern Towhee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, is a striking and easily recognizable bird known for its bold black upperparts, rusty sides, and white belly. Males have bright red eyes, while females have brown eyes.
These birds are found in thickets, shrubby areas, and woodlands across eastern North America. Eastern Towhees are ground foragers, scratching through leaf litter to uncover insects, seeds, and small invertebrates.
Their song is a distinctive “drink-your-tea,” with the “tea” note often repeated. They also have a “chewink” call.
These birds are known for their vigorous scratching, often kicking leaves backward to find hidden prey. Their striking plumage and distinctive calls make them a delight for birdwatchers.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Passerellidae |
| Genus | Pipilo |
| Species | P. erythrophthalmus |
42. Evening Grosbeak (Coccothraustes vespertinus)
The Evening Grosbeak, Coccothraustes vespertinus, is a boldly colored bird with bright yellow plumage, a striking black forehead, and a massive, conical bill.
These grosbeaks are known for their striking appearance and distinctive calls. Found in coniferous and mixed forests of North America, they are irregular migrants, moving in response to food availability.
Evening Grosbeaks primarily feed on seeds, particularly those from deciduous trees like maples and sunflower seeds from bird feeders.
Their song is a melodious warble, and their calls are a mix of clear whistles and chirps. These birds are known for their nomadic behavior, often appearing suddenly at feeding stations in large flocks.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Fringillidae |
| Genus | Hesperiphona |
| Species | H. vespertina |
43. Common Redpoll (Acanthis flammea)
The Common Redpoll, Acanthis flammea, is a small finch with a streaky brown plumage and a distinctive red crown, throat, and breast.
These birds are found in the northern regions of North America and Eurasia, often associated with birch trees and alder thickets.
Common Redpolls feed on seeds, with a preference for birch and alder catkins. They are known for their cheerful twittering calls and trills.
These finches are highly social and are often seen in flocks during the winter. Common Redpolls have a fascinating adaptation in their digestive system, allowing them to extract nutrients from seeds that other birds cannot.
Their irruptions, or periodic mass migrations, are a phenomenon of interest to bird enthusiasts.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Fringillidae |
| Genus | Acanthis |
| Species | A. flammea |
44. Blue Grosbeak (Passerina caerulea)
The Blue Grosbeak, Passerina caerulea, is a striking bird with deep blue plumage and rusty-brown wing bars. Males have bright blue plumage, while females are brown and streaked.
These birds are found in open woodlands, grasslands, and along rivers in the southern United States. Blue Grosbeaks primarily feed on insects and seeds.
They are known for their rich, warbling song that includes both musical notes and harsher sounds. Their calls are a series of metallic chirps and twitters.
Blue Grosbeaks are often found perched on shrubs or wires, singing their melodious songs. Their stunning appearance and captivating vocalizations make them a sought-after sight for birdwatchers.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Cardinalidae |
| Genus | Passerina |
| Species | P. caerulea |
45. Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus)
The Lapland Longspur, Calcarius lapponicus, is a small bird of the Arctic tundra, known for its striking black and white plumage with a distinctive long tail and a black face mask during the breeding season.
These longspurs are highly adapted to cold environments and are often seen in northern regions of North America and Eurasia. They primarily feed on seeds and insects, using their strong bills to crack open seeds.
Lapland Longspurs have a tinkling, musical song and a sharp, metallic call. During the breeding season, males perform aerial displays, singing and flying in intricate patterns to attract females. Their ability to thrive in harsh Arctic conditions showcases their resilience and adaptability.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Calcariidae |
| Genus | Calcarius |
| Species | C. lapponicus |
46. Canada Goose (Branta canadensis)
The Canada Goose, Branta canadensis, is one of North America’s most iconic waterfowl species, known for its large size and distinctive markings.
These geese have a black head and neck with a white “chinstrap,” a brownish-gray body, and a long black bill. They are found in a wide range of habitats, from urban parks to wetlands and lakes across North America.
Canada Geese are herbivores, feeding on aquatic plants, grasses, and grains. Their loud “honk” is a familiar sound in their habitats, especially during migration.
These geese are highly social, often seen in V-shaped formations during migration, and are known for their strong family bonds. They are a symbol of wildlife conservation success, having rebounded from historic population declines.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Anseriformes |
| Family | Anatidae |
| Genus | Branta |
| Species | B. canadensis |
47. Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea)
The Scarlet Tanager, Piranga olivacea, is a striking bird with vibrant red plumage in males, while females are olive-yellow. They are known for their preference for the treetops and dense forests of eastern North America during the breeding season.
Scarlet Tanagers feed primarily on insects, plucking them from foliage during agile flights. Their song is a series of melodious, robin-like phrases, while their call is a distinctive, sharp “chip-burr.”
These tanagers are often elusive despite their bright plumage, as they tend to stay high in the forest canopy. Their stunning appearance and cheerful songs make them a sought-after sight for birdwatchers during the summer months.
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Clade | Dinosauria |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes |
| Family | Cardinalidae |
| Genus | Piranga |
| Species | P. olivacea |
Conclusion
South Dakota is home to a diverse range of winter birds that offer stunning displays of beauty and resilience throughout the cold season.
From the majestic bald eagle to the vibrant red-winged blackbird, these birds adapt to the challenges of winter by foraging, migrating, or seeking shelter in the state’s varied habitats.
Their presence not only adds color and vitality to the winter landscape but also serves as a reminder of the importance of conservation efforts to protect and sustain these remarkable creatures for generations to come.